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Maurice Félix Charles Allais (31 May 19119 October 2010) was a French economist, and was the 1988 winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics "for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources." ==The economist== Born in Paris, France, Allais attended the Lycée Lakanal, graduated from the École Polytechnique in Paris and studied at the École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris. His academic and non-academic posts have included being Professor of Economics at the École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris (since 1944) and Director of its Economic Analysis Centre (since 1946). In 1949 he received a Doctor-Engineer title from the University of Paris, Faculty of Science. He also held teaching positions at various institutions, including at the University of Paris X-Nanterre, and the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva. As an economist he made contributions to decision theory, monetary policy and other areas. He was reluctant to write in or translate his work into English, and many of his major contributions became known to the dominant anglophone community only when they were independently rediscovered or popularized by English-speaking economists. For example, in one of his major works, ''Économie et Intérêt'' (1947), he introduced the first overlapping generations model (later popularized by Paul Samuelson in 1958), introduced the golden rule of optimal growth (later popularized by Edmund Phelps) or described the transaction demand for money rule (later found in William Baumol's work).〔(History of economic thought website ). Homepage.newschool.edu. Retrieved on 2011-07-04.〕 He was also responsible for early work in Behavioral economics, which in the US is generally attributed to Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky.〔John Kay, ''Financial Times'', 25 August 2010 p 9.〕 Allais’s Hereditary, Relativist and Logistic (HRL) theory of monetary dynamics contains an original theory of expectations formation that is a genuine alternative to both adaptive and rational expectations.〔Allais, M. (1965), ''Reformulation de la théorie quantitative de la monnaie'', Société d’études et de documentation économiques, industrielles et sociales (SEDEIS), Paris.〕 Praised by Milton Friedman in 1968 with the following words: ''This work'' (HRL formulation )'' introduces a very basic and important distinction between psychological time and chronological time. It is one of the most important and original paper that has been written for a long time … for its consideration of the problem of the formation of expectations.”〔Friedman, M. (1968), ''Factors affecting the level of interest rates'', in Savings and residential financing: 1968 Conference Proceedings, Jacobs, D. P., and Pratt, R. T., (eds.), The United States Saving and Loan League, Chicago, IL, p. 375.〕 Allais’s contribution has nevertheless been “lost”: it has been absent from the debate about expectations.〔Barthalon, E. (2014), ''Uncertainty, Expectations and Financial Instability, Reviving Allais’s Lost Theory of Psychological Time'', Columbia University Press, New York.〕 Allais attended the inaugural meeting of the Mont Pelerin Society, but alone among the attendees, refused to sign the statement of aims due a disagreement over the extent of property rights.〔http://econjwatch.org/ancillary/IPEL.html〕 His name is particularly associated with what is commonly known as the Allais paradox, a decision problem he first presented in 1953 which contradicts the expected utility hypothesis. In 1992, Maurice Allais criticized the Maastricht Treaty for its excessive emphasis on free trade. He also expressed reservations on the single European currency.〔(L'Humanité (French) ) 17 September 1992 〕 In 2005, he expressed similar reservations concerning the European constitution.〔(L'Humanité (French) ) 26 May 2005 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Maurice Allais」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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